{"id":50448,"date":"2023-12-13T12:20:16","date_gmt":"2023-12-13T06:35:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/?p=50448"},"modified":"2023-12-13T12:20:20","modified_gmt":"2023-12-13T06:35:20","slug":"liquid-ammonia-benefits-leveling-effect","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/liquid-ammonia-benefits-leveling-effect\/","title":{"rendered":"Liquid Ammonia: Properties, Uses, Benefits, Leveling Effect"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1205\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Liquid-ammonia.jpg\" alt=\"Liquid ammonia\" class=\"wp-image-50449\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Liquid-ammonia.jpg 1205w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Liquid-ammonia-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Liquid-ammonia-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Liquid-ammonia-768x402.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Liquid <a href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/ammonia-properties-preparation-uses\/\">ammonia<\/a> is produced by the condensation of ammonia gas. Liquid ammonia is a nonaqueous solvent and it resembles the aqueous system quite closely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ammonia most nearly resembles water in all of the qualities that give water its prominent position among solvents. Although it is not as effective as water as a general solvent for salts, it is still the best available. Its ability to dissociate electrolytes is comparable to that of water; some salts conduct electricity even better in ammonia solution than in water solution. It has a role in many compounds similar to that of water in salts containing water of crystallization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Except for&nbsp;water, its heat of volatilization and probably its association constant are higher than those of any other liquid. For a substance of such a&nbsp;simple composition, its critical temperature, critical pressure, and even its boiling point at atmospheric pressure are remarkably high, as are the corresponding constants in the case of water. It has the same specific heat as water and a lower molecular elevation constant than any other substance for which measurements have been made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/liquid-ammonia-benefits-leveling-effect\/#comparison-between-liquid-ammonia-and-water\" title=\"Comparison between liquid ammonia and water\">Comparison between liquid ammonia and water<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/liquid-ammonia-benefits-leveling-effect\/#liquid-ammonia-as-leveling-solvent\" title=\"Liquid ammonia as leveling solvent\">Liquid ammonia as leveling solvent<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/liquid-ammonia-benefits-leveling-effect\/#ammonia-an-effective-solvent-than-water\" title=\"Ammonia an effective solvent than water\">Ammonia an effective solvent than water<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/liquid-ammonia-benefits-leveling-effect\/#-benefits-of-liquid-ammonia-as-a-solvent\" title=\"\u00a0Benefits of liquid ammonia as a solvent\u00a0\">\u00a0Benefits of liquid ammonia as a solvent\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/liquid-ammonia-benefits-leveling-effect\/#uses-of-liquid-ammonia\" title=\"Uses of liquid ammonia\">Uses of liquid ammonia<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/liquid-ammonia-benefits-leveling-effect\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"comparison-between-liquid-ammonia-and-water\"><\/span><strong>Comparison between liquid ammonia and water<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Self- ionization<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Liquid ammonia like water will dissolve a wide variety of salts. Both water and liquid ammonia undergo self-ionization<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-677ba131a773296b37d09fc132bb8e19\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2 H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u21cc&nbsp; H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>+<\/sup> + OH <sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3e7f107f1976aa5f9ac7fb914552cd63\">             2 NH<sub>3<\/sub> \u21cc\u00a0 NH<sub>3<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup> + NH<sub>2<\/sub> <sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Acid-base neutralization reaction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Substances that produce H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>+ <\/sup>ions in water are acid and ammonium salt is acid in ammonia. Similarly, substances producing OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> in water or NH<sub>2<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup> ion in liquid ammonia are bases in that solvent. Thus, an acid-base neutralization reaction occurs in both solvents and phenolphthalein may be used to detect the endpoint in either:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In water:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c0300d7259d9923378923f0ebd45944b\">HCl (acid) + NaOH &nbsp;(base) \u2192 NaCl (salt) + H<sub>2<\/sub>O ( solvent)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In ammonia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a28c194491abf7ff9907d62879e43f9b\">NH<sub>4<\/sub>Cl &nbsp;+ NaNH<sub>2<\/sub> &nbsp;\u2192 NaCl + 2 NH<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Precipitation reaction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Precipitation reactions occur in both solvents. However, the direction of the reaction is a function of the solvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e43a466a7ac26a50db7851fe45a7fc24\">(NH<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>S + Cu<sup>++<\/sup>&nbsp; \u2192 2 NH<sub>4 <\/sub><sup>+<\/sup> + Cu<sub>2<\/sub>S (in water)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d44ca2aa03cca1891d7fc73e1f16c055\">(NH<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>S + Cu<sup>++<\/sup>&nbsp; \u2192 2 NH<sub>4 <\/sub><sup>+<\/sup> + Cu<sub>2<\/sub>S (in ammonia)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Amphoteric behaviour<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Amphoteric behavior is observed in both solvents. For example, Zn(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> is amphoteric in water and Zn(NH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub> is amphoteric in ammonia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>When ammonia melts, its relative volume increases by about 10%, whereas H2O has the opposite sign; ice floats over water. The fact that the liquid state exists over a wider temperature range in H-bonded&nbsp;fluids than in simple fluids is a distinguishing feature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liquid ammonia is an extremely good solvent for the alkali metals and heavier group 2 metals Ca, Sr, and Ba. The metals are very soluble and solutions in liquid ammonia have a conductivity comparable to that of pure metal. These solutions of metals in liquid ammonia are very good reducing agents because of the presence of free electrons.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"liquid-ammonia-as-leveling-solvent\"><\/span><strong>Liquid ammonia as leveling solvent<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The leveling effect, also known as solvent leveling, is the influence of a solvent on the characteristics of acids and bases. A strong acid&#8217;s strength is limited (leveled) by the basicity of the solvent. Similarly, the acidity of the solvent balances out the strength of a strong base.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because these acids&nbsp;ionize in Liq.NH<sub>3<\/sub> to create NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup> cations, liquid ammonia (NH<sub>3<\/sub>) works as a leveling solvent for HCl (Strong acid) and CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH (Weak acid).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a4849bda1e23d92f336329b18c5a61db\">HCl + NH<sub>3<\/sub> \u2192 Cl <sup>&#8211;<\/sup> + NH<sub>4 <\/sub><sup>+<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d7bdd95b2756fc6c420031bf5e3d7888\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH + NH<sub>3<\/sub> \u2192 CH<sub>3<\/sub>COO <sup>&#8211;<\/sup> + NH<sub>4 <\/sub><sup>+<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ammonia-an-effective-solvent-than-water\"><\/span><strong>Ammonia an effective solvent than water<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The features listed below indicate that liquid NH3 is a better solvent (reaction media) than water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Redox processes in liquid ammonia are important. It is feasible to work with species that are exceptionally powerful reducing agents. Liquid ammonia is a suitable solvent for many reduction processes due to the powerfully reducing metal-ammonia mixtures. Because strong oxidizing agents reacted with ammonia, they were not utilized in this solvent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liquid NH<sub>3<\/sub> is used to make alkali metal acetylides, M<sub>2<\/sub>C<sub>2<\/sub> (by passing C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>2<\/sub> through alkali metal solutions in liquid NH<sub>3<\/sub>). These chemicals are then utilized to make a variety of transition metal acetylides.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liquid NH<sub>3<\/sub> contains far more powerful bases than aqueous solutions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Because it has less hydrogen bonding than water, liquid NH<sub>3<\/sub> is a better solvent for organic molecules that are more soluble in water.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Because of its decreased viscosity, liquid NH3 is a better medium for ion transport.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;NH<sub>3<\/sub> has a higher specific heat than water.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The critical temperature and pressure for liquid NH<sub>3<\/sub> are both high.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liquid NH<sub>3<\/sub> is utilized as a preparative media for chemicals that are unstable in water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"-benefits-of-liquid-ammonia-as-a-solvent\"><\/span>\u00a0<strong>Benefits of liquid ammonia as a solvent\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Organic molecules are more soluble in liquid ammonia than in water.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alkali metal solutions in liquid ammonia are powerful reducing agents. These solutions are widely employed in inorganic and organic synthesis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In liquid NH<sub>3<\/sub>, ammonium salts (such as ammonium nitrate) operate as ammonia acids and are useful in preparative chemistry. For example, arsine and silane preparation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Solvolytic processes in liquid ammonia are less important than in water, but they are an ideal medium for ammonolytic reactions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Far stronger bases can exist in liquid ammonia than in aqueous solution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"uses-of-liquid-ammonia\"><\/span><strong>Uses of liquid ammonia<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>As a nonaqueous solvent, liquid ammonia is widely utilized. In liquid ammonia, alkali metals, heavier alkaline-earth metals, and even some inner transition metals dissolve, generating blue solutions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Liquid ammonia can be utilized not only as a transportation fuel&nbsp;but also as a heating fuel (home or industrial). Ammonia can be fractionated to produce hydrogen, which can then be used in fuel cells and other focused uses such as transportation or heat and power generation. Ammonia does not emit any carbon dioxide (CO2), unlike most other liquid fossil fuels (hydrocarbons).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The volume energy density of liquid ammonia is 11.5 MJ\/L, which is almost three times that of diesel and half that of ethanol. Thus, liquid ammonia is more compact than other fuels such as petrol or kerosene, as well as some biofuels such as ethanol or butanol.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ammonia has regained prominence in the decarbonization of several&nbsp;specialized industries, most notably maritime transportation, where it is used to replace certain heavy fuels (HFO type), which are renowned for emitting greenhouse gases. During storage, ammonia is less dangerous than hydrogen and releases fewer greenhouse gases than LPG or CNG. As a result, it is regarded as an economically viable fuel for the sea transport sector.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ammonia can be utilized to store hydrogen as well. Compared to other storage solutions such as methanol, the hydrogen mass percentage in ammonia is extremely high.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liquid ammonia is used to produce hydrogen gas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ammonia pipelines have long been used to deliver liquid ammonia for the fertilizer industry.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Metal ammonia solutions are good electron donors for the reduction of other chemical species.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/ammonia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15533170601187474\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15533170601187474<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/liquid-ammonia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9358710\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.tutorhelpdesk.com\/homeworkhelp\/Chemistry-\/Ammonia-As-A-Better-Solvent-Than-Water-Assignment-Help.html<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>http:\/\/www.lscollege.ac.in\/sites\/default\/files\/e-content\/TDC%20PARTII%20%2C%20Liquid%20ammonia%20selfionisation.pdf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Liquid ammonia is produced by the condensation of ammonia gas. Liquid ammonia is a nonaqueous solvent and it resembles the aqueous system quite closely. Ammonia most nearly resembles water in &#8230; <a title=\"Liquid Ammonia: Properties, Uses, Benefits, Leveling Effect\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/liquid-ammonia-benefits-leveling-effect\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Liquid Ammonia: Properties, Uses, Benefits, Leveling Effect\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":50449,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,29],"tags":[3127,3123,3124,3126,3128],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50448"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=50448"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50448\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":50451,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50448\/revisions\/50451"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/50449"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=50448"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=50448"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=50448"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}