{"id":50435,"date":"2023-12-11T17:29:28","date_gmt":"2023-12-11T11:44:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/?p=50435"},"modified":"2023-12-11T17:29:31","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T11:44:31","slug":"homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis: Advantages, Disadvantages, Differences"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1205\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Homogeneous-and-Heterogeneous-Catalysis.jpg\" alt=\"Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis\" class=\"wp-image-50440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Homogeneous-and-Heterogeneous-Catalysis.jpg 1205w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Homogeneous-and-Heterogeneous-Catalysis-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Homogeneous-and-Heterogeneous-Catalysis-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Homogeneous-and-Heterogeneous-Catalysis-768x402.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis are catalytic processes, classified on the basis of the nature of the phase. In homogenous catalysis reactants and <a href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/catalyst-and-catalysis-types\/\">catalyst<\/a>s are in the same phase while in heterogenous catalysis they appear in different phases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#homogeneous-catalysis\" title=\"Homogeneous catalysis\">Homogeneous catalysis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#advantage-of-homogeneous-catalysis\" title=\"Advantage of homogeneous catalysis\">Advantage of homogeneous catalysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#disadvantage-of-homogeneous-catalysis\" title=\"Disadvantage of homogeneous catalysis\">Disadvantage of homogeneous catalysis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#heterogeneous-catalysis\" title=\"Heterogeneous catalysis\">Heterogeneous catalysis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#advantages-of-heterogeneous-catalysis\" title=\"Advantages of heterogeneous catalysis\">Advantages of heterogeneous catalysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#disadvantages-of-heterogeneous-catalysis\" title=\"Disadvantages of heterogeneous catalysis\">Disadvantages of heterogeneous catalysis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#difference-between-homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\" title=\"Difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous Catalysis\">Difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous Catalysis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#operating-temperature\" title=\"Operating temperature\">Operating temperature<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#diffusivity\" title=\"Diffusivity\">Diffusivity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#heat-transmission\" title=\"Heat Transmission\">Heat Transmission<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#catalyst-separation\" title=\"Catalyst separation\">Catalyst separation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#active-site\" title=\"Active site\">Active site<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#catalyst-modification\" title=\"Catalyst modification\">Catalyst modification<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"homogeneous-catalysis\"><\/span><strong>Homogeneous catalysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Homogeneous catalysis occurs when the reactants and the catalyst are in the same phase.\u00a0 For example: in the lead chamber process, sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide with dioxygen in the presence of nitrogen oxides as the catalyst. All of the reactants, sulfur dioxide and oxygen, as well as the catalyst, nitric oxide, are in the same phase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4c2cd7f1922e305a9cf9797989acaa7b\">2SO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0(g) + O<sub>2<\/sub>(g)\u00a0\u2192\u00a02SO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0(g)\u00a0(in the presence of gaseous NO)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on\u00a0his idea of acids and bases, the Danish physical chemist J.N. Bronsted presented a generalized treatment of homogeneous catalysis by acids and bases in the mid-1920s. An acid, according to Bronsted, is a molecule that can supply a proton, whereas a base is a molecule that can absorb a proton. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to this assumption, the range of acids includes bisulfate ion (HSO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup>) acetic acid ( CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH), water ( H<sub>2<\/sub>O), hydronium ion( H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>+<\/sup>), and ammonium ion (NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>). Sulfate ion (SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup> ), acetate ion (CH<sub>3<\/sub>COO<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>), hydroxide ion (OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>), water (H<sub>2<\/sub>O), and ammonia, NH<sub>3<\/sub> are the equivalent bases. Examples include the acid-base catalysis of glucose conversion (mutarotation) to a closely similar form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Homogeneous catalysis frequently involves redox processes in which the ions involved in catalysis change oxidation numbers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because transition metal ions may change oxidation numbers, they are frequently used as catalysts.&nbsp;Homogeneous catalysts are utilized in the first stage and then reformed in the second.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is a slow reaction in which peroxy disulfate (S<sub>2 <\/sub>O<sub>8<\/sub><sup>2-&nbsp;<\/sup>) ions oxidize iodide to iodine. The reaction is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5cbaee2f3c18cdf3a576d9067ffc21c6\">S<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>8<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>\u00a0(aq) + 2I<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>\u00a0(aq) \u2192 2SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>\u00a0(aq) + I<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0(aq)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because both the <strong>S<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>8<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/strong>and <strong>I<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/strong>ions have a negative charge, the ions will need a lot of energy to overcome the repulsive forces and collision with one other. As a result, Fe<sup>3+<\/sup> (aq) ions are employed as a homogeneous catalyst. Two redox processes are involved in the catalysis. The reaction involves:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Firstly, I<sup>&#8211; <\/sup>reduces Fe<sup>3+<\/sup>\u00a0ions\u00a0to Fe<sup>2+<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69877597c6516988dadd6a4fffb24381\">2Fe<sup>3+<\/sup>\u00a0(aq) + 2I<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>\u00a0(aq) \u2192 2Fe<sup>2+<\/sup>\u00a0(aq) + I<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0(aq)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Then, Fe<sup>2+<\/sup>\u00a0is\u00a0oxidized\u00a0into Fe<strong><sup>3+<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0by S<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>8<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-fb550ca561634885277ddbf686b2cfb8\">2Fe<sup>2+<\/sup>\u00a0(aq) + S<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>8<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>\u00a0(aq) \u2192 2Fe<sup>3+<\/sup>\u00a0(aq) + 2SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>\u00a0 (aq)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are no repulsive forces when combining the reactants with a positively charged Fe ion, and the activation energy is greatly reduced. It makes no difference which reaction comes first. So, Fe<sup>2+<\/sup> can be first oxidized to Fe<sup>3+<\/sup> followed by the reduction of Fe<sup>3+<\/sup> to Fe<sup>2+<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"advantage-of-homogeneous-catalysis\"><\/span><strong>Advantage of homogeneous catalysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Because both the catalyst and the reactant molecules are in the same phase (as opposed to heterogeneous catalysis), there is a high degree of contact between them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"disadvantage-of-homogeneous-catalysis\"><\/span><strong>Disadvantage of homogeneous catalysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>One drawback is that after the reaction is completed, the homogeneous catalyst is frequently irreversible. As a result, adopting homogeneous catalysis for industrial-scale&nbsp;production processes may not be as efficient or economically viable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"heterogeneous-catalysis\"><\/span><strong>Heterogeneous catalysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The catalyst and the reactants are in different phases in heterogeneous catalysis. The catalyst is usually solid, but the reactant can be either gaseous or liquid.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To catalyze the reactions of gaseous or liquid reactants, solid metals,&nbsp;and metal oxides are commonly utilized. Solid catalysts frequently serve as a surface for reactions to occur, where one or more reactants will adsorb (bond to the surface). Molecules react at the surface of a solid catalyst in heterogeneous catalysis. A heterogeneous catalyst&#8217;s mode of action consists of the following steps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reactant adsorption (or chemisorption) on the catalyst surface<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The reactants diffuse to the catalyst&#8217;s surface.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weak forces physically adsorb the reactant onto the surface.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stronger bonds chemically adsorb the reactant to the surface.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chemisorption weakens the bonds between the reactant atoms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Desorption of the products<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The bonds between the products and the catalyst disintegrate to the point where the products separate from the surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For example: <\/strong>Iron is used in the Haber process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Haber process generates ammonia (NH3) from nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2). The reaction can be accelerated by using an iron catalyst, which brings the reactants close together on the metal surface. This raises the possibility of their interacting with one another. The iron catalyst works in the following way:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, nitrogen and hydrogen gas get diffused to the iron surface. Adsorption of reactant molecules onto the iron surface through the formation of bonds between the iron and reactant atoms. These connections are so strong that they weaken the covalent interactions between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms in N<sub>2<\/sub> and H<sub>2<\/sub>. They are, however, weak enough to break once the catalysis is complete.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The reaction occurs between adsorbed nitrogen and hydrogen atoms, which react on the iron surface to generate NH<sub>3<\/sub>. When the bonds between the NH<sub>3<\/sub> and the iron surface weaken and eventually break, desorption occurs. The NH<sub>3<\/sub> that is generated diffuses away from the iron surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"advantages-of-heterogeneous-catalysis\"><\/span><strong>Advantages of heterogeneous catalysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the primary advantages of utilizing a heterogeneous catalyst is that it may be easily separated from a reaction mixture, for example, through filtration. As a result, costly catalysts can be readily and successfully recovered, which is an important concern, particularly for industrial-scale&nbsp;manufacturing operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"disadvantages-of-heterogeneous-catalysis\"><\/span><strong>Disadvantages of heterogeneous catalysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The availability of surface area on the catalyst is a restriction of heterogeneous catalysis. When the surface of the catalyst is entirely saturated with reactant molecules (i.e. no more reactants can fit on the surface), the reaction cycle cannot continue until some of the product molecules leave the surface, providing some space for new reactant molecules to form. As a result, the adsorption stage in a heterogeneously catalyzed process is frequently the rate-limiting step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"difference-between-homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\"><\/span><strong>Difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous Catalysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"operating-temperature\"><\/span><strong>Operating temperature<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The operating temperature for homogeneous catalysis is relatively low temperatures. The presence of a solvent, which is required to dissolve the catalyst, may reduce the temperature of the reaction, but it also demands the use of mild conditions. The usage of high pressures is an exception. In such instances, the reaction temperature is restricted by the stability of the homogeneous catalyst, which is known to be fairly limited. However, in heterogeneous catalysis, the only constraint is the catalyst&#8217;s stability under severe conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"diffusivity\"><\/span><strong>Diffusivity<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In homogeneous catalysis, there is high diffusivity when homogeneous. Under adequate stirring, having all reactants and catalysts in one phase greatly increases diffusivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Diffusivity may be an issue for heterogeneous catalysts with minimal surface area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"heat-transmission\"><\/span><strong>Heat Transmission<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In homogeneous catalysis, there is excellent heat transfer, having all of the reactants and catalysts in the same phase. Because of the differing heat capacities of the reactants and catalyst, heat transfer can be a problem during heterogeneous catalysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"catalyst-separation\"><\/span><strong>Catalyst separation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In homogeneous catalysis, the separation of the products from the catalyst is normally expensive, except&nbsp;for&nbsp;biphasic catalysis, while, in heterogeneous catalysis, the separation of the products from the catalyst is usually simple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"active-site\"><\/span><strong>Active site<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In homogeneous systems active sites are well-defined in most cases. Catalysts are typically single-atom transition metals that are stabilized by ligands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In heterogeneous systems, there is generally an undefined active site. When working with metal particles on a support, the active site may consist of only a few percent of the metal (often small particles), and various zones of the same particle may have distinct catalytic capabilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"catalyst-modification\"><\/span><strong>Catalyst modification<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Catalyst modification in homogeneous catalysis is comparatively simple. By changing the donor atoms in the ligands or adjusting the ligands&#8217; capacity to donate, one can adjust the electronic and steric characteristics of the metal. If triphenylphosphine is the ligand and a less donating phosphine is required, the phenyl groups on the phosphine could be modified (by adding CF3, F, and other electron-withdrawing\u00a0groups). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are several synthetic methods accessible, all of which depend on fundamental concepts developed in organic and organometallic chemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the case of heterogeneous catalysis quite challenging. Controlling particle size and, more broadly, the active site at the molecular level is extremely difficult. There are few synthetic approaches available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>http:\/\/www.nanoer.net\/d\/img\/fundamental%20concepts%20in%20heterogeneous%20catalysis-Jens_K._Nrskov,_Felix_Studt,_Frank_Abild-Pederse.pdf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/byjus.com\/chemistry\/catalysis\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/catalysis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/General_Chemistry\/Interactive_Chemistry_(Moore_Zhou_and_Garand)\/03%3A_Unit_Three\/3.08%3A_Day_25-_Homogeneous_and_Heterogeneous_Catalysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.eolss.net\/sample-chapters\/c06\/e6-100-10-00.pdf<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/uen.pressbooks.pub\/introductorychemistry\/chapter\/catalysis\/#:~:text=Homogeneous%20catalysts%20are%20those%20which,in%20a%20liquid%20reaction%20mixture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.chemguide.co.uk\/physical\/catalysis\/introduction.html.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/catalysis\/Classification-of-catalysts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/catalysis\/Classification-of-catalysts<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis are catalytic processes, classified on the basis of the nature of the phase. In homogenous catalysis reactants and catalysts are in the same phase while in &#8230; <a title=\"Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis: Advantages, Disadvantages, Differences\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-catalysis\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis: Advantages, Disadvantages, Differences\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":50440,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,23],"tags":[3120,3118,3122,3121,3119,3117],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50435"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=50435"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50435\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":50441,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50435\/revisions\/50441"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/50440"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=50435"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=50435"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=50435"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}