{"id":49076,"date":"2023-10-09T10:22:49","date_gmt":"2023-10-09T04:37:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/?p=49076"},"modified":"2023-10-09T10:22:51","modified_gmt":"2023-10-09T04:37:51","slug":"carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/","title":{"rendered":"Carbocation: Preparation, Structure, Features, Stability, Reactivity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1205\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/carbocation.jpg\" alt=\" carbocation\" class=\"wp-image-49086\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/carbocation.jpg 1205w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/carbocation-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/carbocation-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/carbocation-768x402.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A carbocation is a name used to describe organic chemical entities with an electrical charge on a carbon atom. The carbocation has a positively charged carbon. In general, these carbon atoms react with various elements to provide a reactant for additional reactions, known as intermediates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Julius Stieglitz first proposed the concept of carbocation in 1899. However, Wagner-Meerwein&#8217;s rearrangement study, proposed by German chemist Hans Meerwein in 1922, brought additional research and insights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#what-are-carbocations\" title=\" What are Carbocations?\"> What are Carbocations?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#preparation-of-carbocation\" title=\"Preparation of carbocation\">Preparation of carbocation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#structure-of-carbocation\" title=\"Structure of carbocation\">Structure of carbocation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#features-of-carbocation\" title=\"Features of carbocation\">Features of carbocation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#types-of-carbocation\" title=\"Types of carbocation\">Types of carbocation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#stability-of-carbocations\" title=\"Stability of carbocations\">Stability of carbocations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#factors-affecting-the-stability-of-carbocation\" title=\"Factors affecting the stability of carbocation\">Factors affecting the stability of carbocation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#resonance\" title=\"Resonance\">Resonance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#inductive-effect\" title=\"Inductive effect\">Inductive effect<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#hyperconjugation-effect\" title=\"Hyperconjugation effect\">Hyperconjugation effect<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#-electronegativity\" title=\"&nbsp;Electronegativity\">&nbsp;Electronegativity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#steric-effect\" title=\"Steric effect\">Steric effect<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#reactivity-of-carbocation\" title=\"Reactivity of carbocation\">Reactivity of carbocation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#reaction-with-nucleophile\" title=\"Reaction with nucleophile\">Reaction with nucleophile<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#addition-reaction\" title=\"Addition reaction\">Addition reaction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#proton-removal\" title=\"Proton removal\">Proton removal<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#rearrangement-reaction\" title=\"Rearrangement reaction\">Rearrangement reaction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-are-carbocations\"><\/span><strong> What are Carbocations?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In organic chemistry, carbocations are essentially chemical entities that have a positive charge on carbon but only have six valence electrons. It is also known as carbonium ion. Because carbocation carbon only has six electrons, it is electron deficient and hence behaves as an electrophile in chemical processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"preparation-of-carbocation\"><\/span><strong>Preparation of carbocation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Heterolytic cleavage<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When a neutrally charged molecule undergoes heterolytic fission, any bonded atom that retains a shared pair of electrons (the one with stronger electronegativity) obtains a negative charge, whereas the remaining atoms that do not retain electrons acquire a positive charge. This positively charged intermediate is referred to as a carbocation intermediate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>e.g<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. Ionization of alkyl halide in polar solvent<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-19.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-49082\" style=\"width:405px;height:110px\" width=\"405\" height=\"110\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-19.png 641w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-19-300x81.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 405px) 100vw, 405px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>b. Protonation of alcohol followed by dehydration<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-20.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-49083\" style=\"width:583px;height:76px\" width=\"583\" height=\"76\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-20.png 975w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-20-300x39.png 300w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-20-768x100.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 583px) 100vw, 583px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>c. Nitrous acid deamination of primary aliphatic amines<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-21.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-49084\" style=\"width:511px;height:55px\" width=\"511\" height=\"55\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-21.png 975w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-21-300x32.png 300w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-21-768x83.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 511px) 100vw, 511px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-carbocation\"><\/span><strong>Structure of carbocation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00a0It has been discovered experimentally that carbocations are trigonal planar around the carbon-bearing\u00a0positive charge. Now that valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory can easily account for such structure, it is easier to understand the valence bond approach. The positively charged carbon is in sp2 hybridization, with three hybrid orbitals oriented at 120<sup>0<\/sup> in a plane and an empty pz orbital perpendicular.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"470\" height=\"369\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-18.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-49081\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-18.png 470w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-18-300x236.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"features-of-carbocation\"><\/span><strong>Features of carbocation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Carbocations have the following characteristics:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0There is a presence of Sp2 hybridization.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carbon atoms have triagonal planar geometry.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is extremely reactive, which means it is less stable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Because of insufficient electron pairing, carbocation exhibits paramagnetic behavior.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It functions as an electrophile.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It functions as Lewis Acid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-carbocation\"><\/span><strong>Types of carbocation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>They are classified into the following categories based on the number of carbon groups connected to the positively charged carbon atom:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Methyl Carbocation: This is the least stable carbocation since no carbon group is connected to the carbon atom with a positive charge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Primary carbocation: One carbon is linked to a positively charged carbon atom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Secondary Carbocation: A positively charged carbon atom is joined to two other carbon atoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tertiary Carbocation: It occurs when a positively charged carbon atom bonds with three other carbon atoms. It has the highest degree of stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"stability-of-carbocations\"><\/span><strong>Stability of carbocations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>They are unstable intermediates that are extremely reactive. This means that they will immediately reorganize in order to construct more substantial structures. The stability of a carbocation is determined by its structure and the presence of substituents. The most stable carbocation is the tertiary carbocation, followed by the secondary carbocation. Its primary carbocation is the most unstable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carbocation stabilities can be calculated by measuring the amount of energy required to form the carbocation by dissociating the corresponding alkyl halide, with the tertiary alkyl halide separating much more easily than the primary or secondary, resulting in tri-substituted carbocations that are more stable than di- or mono-substituted ones. Polar solvents may rapidly stabilize the ions, giving in a lower dissociation enthalpy, but carbonation stability remains unchanged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"factors-affecting-the-stability-of-carbocation\"><\/span><strong>Factors affecting the stability of carbocation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Their stability is influenced by various factors. They are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"resonance\"><\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/electronic-effects-or-elcetronic-displacement-in-covalent-bonds\/\">Resonance<\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The carbocation stability rises as the number of resonances increases. Furthermore, the more resonating structures there are, the more stable the carbocations are. The delocalization of the positive charge reduces electron loss even further, increasing total stability. In comparison, it has been discovered that the resonance effect has a significantly bigger influence than replacement. Structures with resonance are more stable than others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"inductive-effect\"><\/span><strong>Inductive effect<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Because the alkyl group has an electron-donating&nbsp;effect (+I), the stability of the carbocation is enhanced&nbsp;as the attached group&#8217;s donating ability grows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alkyl groups can donate more electrons inductively than hydrogen groups because they are bigger, more polarizable, and have more bonding electrons. Thus, the more alkyl substitutions there are, the more stable the carbocation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"hyperconjugation-effect\"><\/span><strong>Hyperconjugation effect<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hyperconjugation is the process of donating electrons from the parallel overlap of p orbitals with neighboring hybridized orbitals from sigma bonds. As a result, the total amount of carbon atom groups connected to the positively charged carbon determines the overall carbocation stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the&nbsp;increase in&nbsp;substitution, hyperconjugation is also increased, which increases stability. The more hyperconjugation there is&nbsp;the more stable the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"-electronegativity\"><\/span>&nbsp;<strong>Electronegativity<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Electronegativity is the capacity of an atom to attract or pull electrons to itself. Thus, the higher an atom\u2019s electronegativity, the more electrons it attracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The stability is also directly controlled by the electronegativity of a positively charged carbon atom. When the electronegativity of the carbon atom increases, the stability of the carbocation decreases, and vice versa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As an example, sp &gt; sp<sup>2<\/sup>&nbsp;&gt; sp<sup>3<\/sup>. In the case of vinylic carbocation, the hybridization of the positive carbon atom is sp, with a stronger electronegativity than the sp<sup>2&nbsp;<\/sup>alkyl carbocation hybridized carbon. As a result, the stability of the primary vinylic carbocation is lower than that of the primary alkyl carbocation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"steric-effect\"><\/span><strong>Steric effect<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Because alkyl carbocations are predominantly produced from tetrahedral alkyl halides, a link between steric relief and carbocation formation can be established. In such circumstances, the carbon-carbon bond angles change from 109<sup>0<\/sup>28&#8242; to 120<sup>0<\/sup> during the production of carbocations. As a result, carbon with bulky groups around it is expected to benefit more from this carbocationic conversion. The stability of carbocation increases from left to right in the figure below:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"148\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-17.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-49080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-17.png 975w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-17-300x46.png 300w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-17-768x117.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reactivity-of-carbocation\"><\/span><strong>Reactivity of carbocation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reaction-with-nucleophile\"><\/span><strong>Reaction with nucleophile<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>They can combine with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair. If all three groups on carbocation are different racemic mixture can be obtained.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-16.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-49079\" style=\"width:428px;height:130px\" width=\"428\" height=\"130\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-16.png 760w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-16-300x91.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"addition-reaction\"><\/span><strong>Addition reaction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>They add to the double bond to create a new positively charged center.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"proton-removal\"><\/span><strong>Proton removal<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>They may result in the removal of a proton from an adjacent carbon atom resulting in the formation of the double bond.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-15.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-49078\" style=\"width:461px;height:105px\" width=\"461\" height=\"105\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-15.png 975w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-15-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-15-768x175.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 461px) 100vw, 461px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"rearrangement-reaction\"><\/span><strong>Rearrangement reaction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00a0They undergo rearrangement to form a more stable form. In carbocation chemistry, 1-2 methyl shit or 1-2 hydride shifts are quite common to achieve a more stable counterpart. A secondary carbocation, for example, will prefer to reorganize into a more stable tertiary carbonation.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"996\" height=\"193\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-14.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-49077\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-14.png 996w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-14-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/image-14-768x149.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Morrison R. T. &amp; Boyd R. N. (1983).&nbsp;<em>Organic chemistry<\/em>&nbsp;(4th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Smith M. &amp; March J. (2001).&nbsp;<em>March\u2019s Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions Mechanisms and Structure<\/em>&nbsp;(5th ed.). Wiley.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ghosh, S.K.,&nbsp;<em>Advanced General Organic Chemistry<\/em>, Second Edition, New Central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd., Kolkatta, 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bahl, B.S., A., Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand and Company Ltd, New Delhi, 1992. production of polyesters, polyurethanes, and alkaline resins.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A carbocation is a name used to describe organic chemical entities with an electrical charge on a carbon atom. The carbocation has a positively charged carbon. In general, these carbon &#8230; <a title=\"Carbocation: Preparation, Structure, Features, Stability, Reactivity\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/carbocation-preparation-stability-reactivity\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Carbocation: Preparation, Structure, Features, Stability, Reactivity\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":49086,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[2817],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49076"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49076"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49076\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49087,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49076\/revisions\/49087"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/49086"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=49076"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=49076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}