{"id":48915,"date":"2023-09-30T17:50:40","date_gmt":"2023-09-30T12:05:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/?p=48915"},"modified":"2023-09-30T17:50:45","modified_gmt":"2023-09-30T12:05:45","slug":"substitution-reaction-types-examples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/substitution-reaction-types-examples\/","title":{"rendered":"Substitution Reaction: Types, Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"536\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/substitution-reaction-1024x536.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-48919\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/substitution-reaction-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/substitution-reaction-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/substitution-reaction-768x402.jpg 768w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/substitution-reaction.jpg 1205w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A substitution reaction is any chemical process that replaces one atom, ion, or group in a molecule with another. Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are characterized as electrophilic or nucleophilic based on a variety of parameters. These elements include the reagents, reactive intermediates, and substrates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Substitutions in organic chemistry involve the replacement of one functional group in an organic molecule with another functional group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH + HI \u2192 CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>I + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/substitution-reaction-types-examples\/#nucleophilic-substitution-reaction\" title=\"Nucleophilic substitution reaction\">Nucleophilic substitution reaction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/substitution-reaction-types-examples\/#nucleophile\" title=\"Nucleophile:\">Nucleophile:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/substitution-reaction-types-examples\/#types-of-nucleophilic-substitution-reactions\" title=\"Types of nucleophilic substitution reactions\">Types of nucleophilic substitution reactions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/substitution-reaction-types-examples\/#electrophilic-substitution-reaction\" title=\"Electrophilic substitution reaction\">Electrophilic substitution reaction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/substitution-reaction-types-examples\/#electrophiles\" title=\"Electrophiles:\">Electrophiles:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/substitution-reaction-types-examples\/#types-of-electrophilic-substitution-reaction\" title=\"Types of electrophilic substitution reaction\">Types of electrophilic substitution reaction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/substitution-reaction-types-examples\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"nucleophilic-substitution-reaction\"><\/span><strong>Nucleophilic substitution reaction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A nucleophilic substitution reaction is a type of organic reaction in which one nucleophile substitutes another.&nbsp;The group that takes an electron pair and is displaced from the carbon is known as the &#8220;leaving group,&#8221; and the molecule on which substitution occurs is known as the &#8220;substrate.&#8221; The departing group exits as a neutral molecule or anion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They are a type of reaction in which one nucleophile attacks a positively charged electrophile to replace another nucleophile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This reaction takes place by the attack of the nucleophile on the electron-deficient center of the substrate to form the product.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"198\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-92.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-48917\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-92.png 975w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-92-300x61.png 300w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-92-768x156.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"nucleophile\"><\/span><strong>Nucleophile:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A nucleophile is a chemical that contributes an electron pair to the formation of a covalent bond. A nucleophile is often negatively charged or neutral, with a single pair of donatable electrons.\u00a0In chemistry, a nucleophile is an atom or molecule that seeks a positive center in a chemical reaction, such as the nucleus of an atom, since the nucleophile possesses an electron pair accessible for bonding. Some examples include OR-, H2O, -OMe,\u00a0or -OtBu, Cl-, and Br-. The electron-rich species is a nucleophile in general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-nucleophilic-substitution-reactions\"><\/span><strong>Types of nucleophilic substitution reactions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>SN1 reaction<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>It is also known as an unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution consists of a two-step reaction mechanism. In which the formation of carbocation takes place before the nucleophile approaches the substrate. The mechanism is independent of the incoming nucleophile\u2019s nucleophilicity but dependent on the leaving capacity of the leaving group. So, the rate of SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of substrate only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Commonly the reaction of a tertiary or secondary alkyl halide with secondary or tertiary alcohols under strongly acidic or strongly basic conditions occurs via an SN1 reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>SN2 reaction<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The bimolecular\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/nucleophilic-substitution-reactions-sn1-reaction\/\">nucleophilic substitution reaction<\/a>\u00a0(SN2 reaction) is a one-step reaction that involves the transition state.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The attack of a nucleophile on the substrate and the departure of the leaving group occur simultaneously in this reaction. Since both the substrate and the nucleophile are present in the transition state, the reaction is bimolecular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"electrophilic-substitution-reaction\"><\/span><strong>Electrophilic substitution reaction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An electrophilic substitution reaction is a chemical process in which an electrophile replaces the functional group connected to a molecule. The displaced functional group is usually a hydrogen atom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The primary distinction between nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution reactions is that the former requires the displacement of a leaving group by a nucleophile, whereas the latter involves the displacement of a functional group by an electrophile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"665\" height=\"205\" src=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-93.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-48918\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-93.png 665w, https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-93-300x92.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"electrophiles\"><\/span><strong>Electrophiles:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Electrophiles are electron-deficient chemical species&nbsp;that can accept an electron pair from an electron-rich species.&nbsp;Some example includes, H<sup>+<\/sup>, SO<sub>3<\/sub>H<sup>+<\/sup>, NO<sup>+<\/sup>, NO<sub>2<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>, X<sup>+<\/sup>, R<sup>+<\/sup>, C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>N<sub>2<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-electrophilic-substitution-reaction\"><\/span><strong>Types of electrophilic substitution reaction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two types of electrophilic substitution reaction processes. They are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol type=\"1\">\n<li>Electrophilic aliphatic substitution reaction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrophilic Aromatic substitution reaction<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Electrophilic aliphatic substitution reaction<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8216;Electrophilic aliphatic substitution reactions&#8217; occur when an electrophile displaces a functional group in an aliphatic molecule. In these reactions, the electrophile attacks the aliphatic molecule, resulting in a 180\u00b0 inversion. The electrophilic substitution in aliphatic compounds is identical to the nucleophilic substitution in aliphatic compounds, except that an electrophile replaces a functional group rather than a nucleophile. The two basic electrophilic substitutions are SE<sub>2 <\/sub>(substitution electrophilic bimolecular) and SE<sub>i<\/sub> (substitution electrophilic internal) processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>An aromatic compound undergoes an electrophilic substitution reaction when the aromatic ring is substituted or displaced by an electrophile. In such reactions, the aromaticity of molecules is retained. Examples of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions include sulfonation, Friedel-Crafts reactions, and nitration in aromatic compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/substitution-reaction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.vedantu.com\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>March, J. (1992).&nbsp;<em>Advanced organic chemistry: Reactions, mechanisms, and structure<\/em>. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peter sykees, A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, (6th edition) Pearson.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A substitution reaction is any chemical process that replaces one atom, ion, or group in a molecule with another. Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are characterized as electrophilic or nucleophilic &#8230; <a title=\"Substitution Reaction: Types, Examples\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/substitution-reaction-types-examples\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Substitution Reaction: Types, Examples\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":48919,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[2928,2921,2927,2926,1290,2925],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48915"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=48915"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48915\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":48920,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48915\/revisions\/48920"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/48919"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=48915"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=48915"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemistrynotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=48915"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}