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Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the branch of science that develops and applies methods, instruments, and strategies for obtaining information on the composition and nature of matter.

  • It develops, optimizes, and applies methods of measurement to produce quality (bio)chemical information of various natural and artificial objects and systems to solve analytical challenges derived from information.
  • Analytical chemistry is not limited to any certain kind of chemical substance or reaction, in contrast to other important subfields of chemistry like inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry.
  • Geometric aspects like molecular morphologies and species distributions are examined in analytical chemistry, along with characteristics like composition and species identity.
  • The goal of analytical chemistry is to identify the qualitative and quantitative composition of substances.
  • Quantitative analysis determines the amount of various chemical components contained in a given sample.  It is concerned with determining the amount or percentage of one or more elements in a sample.
  • The qualitative analysis offers information on the chemical compound’s quality. The qualitative analysis investigates a material’s chemical composition. It demonstrates the presence of distinct elements or sets of elements in the sample, such as functional groupings.
  • A chemical analysis (wet) technique can be classed as either a classical method or an instrumental method. As a result, both qualitative and quantitative analysis is split into two categories: Classical (“wet”) analysis and instrumental analysis.
  • The classical analysis is carried out using chemical processes. It involves volumetric analysis and gravimetric analysis processes.
  • The volumetric analysis determines the volume of the known concentration solution needed to completely react with the analyte. The volumetric analysis is also known as the titrimetric analysis.
  • Gravimetric analysis is an analytical technique used for the quantitative determination of an analyte based on the mass of a solid. Using this method of analysis, the element to be detected is precipitated from a solution by the addition of a suitable precipitating agent.
  • The instrumental analysis employs instruments and relies on the physical and physicochemical properties of the substance being analyzed such as absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation or electrical properties. So instrumental method can be further subdivided into chromatographic method, electroanalytical method, and spectroscopic method.
  • Chromatography is a process for separating a mixture of chemical substances into their components so that the individual components can be thoroughly analyzed. It is a method of separating the constituents, or solutes, of a mixture based on the relative amounts of each solute distributed between a flowing fluid stream, known as the mobile phase, and a  stationary phase. The mobile phase might be a liquid or a gas, whereas the stationary phase can be solid or liquid.
  • Electrochemical methods of analysis are based on the measurement of electrical information such as current, potential, and charge and their correlation with the chemical properties of a sample. An electrical response is produced by electrochemical reactions that take occur at the electrode-solution interface, where a tiny number of molecules in the bulk solution play a role to generate an electrical response.
  • Optical methods of analysis are often known as spectroscopic methods. All spectroscopic techniques rely on electromagnetic radiation’s interaction with the quantized energy levels of the substance. These methods examine the quantitative and quantitative properties based on emission, absorption, scattering, or a change in some property of electromagnetic radiation dependent on the kind or amount of the constituent on the sample using various approaches. These techniques are categorized according to the type of effect (emission, absorption, or scattering) or the type of electromagnetic radiation (IR, visible, x-ray).

 Colorimeter: Principle, Types, Instrumentation, Advantages, Disadvantages

August 17, 2023 by Jyoti Bashyal
 Colorimeter: Principle, Types, Instrumentation, Advantages, Disadvantages

The colorimeter is an optical apparatus that has been specifically engineered to detect and measure the absorption of distinct wavelengths of light across a range of solutions. By virtue of … Read more

Capillary Electrophoresis: Types, Instrumentation, Advantages, Disadvantages

August 16, 2023 by Kabita Sharma
Capillary Electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a highly sensitive separation technique that has been primarily developed based on the concept of high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and electrophoretic methods. The use of … Read more

Chromatography: Principles, Types, Applications

August 16, 2023 by Kabita Sharma
Chromatography

Chromatography is a technique for separating a mixture of components into their constituents by distributing them in equilibrium between two phases, the stationary phase, and the mobile phase. The basis for the … Read more

Ion Chromatography: Principle, Instrumentation, Advantages

August 15, 2023 by Kabita Sharma
Ion Chromatography

Ion chromatography (IC) is a separation technique that exhibits several similarities with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, IC also possesses distinct characteristics, such as its principle of separation and modes … Read more

X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry: Principle, Instrumentation, and Application

August 15, 2023 by Kabita Sharma
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer is an analytical instrument that employs X-ray technology to perform routine and minimally invasive chemical analyses of various geological materials such as rocks, minerals, sediments, … Read more

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Principle, Instrumentation, Advantages

August 14, 2023 by Kabita Sharma
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) utilizes a mobile phase consisting of fluid in the supercritical state. As a result of this phenomenon, there are enhancements observed in the isolation of thermolabile … Read more

Potentiometry: Principle, Types, Electrodes, Advantages

August 13, 2023 by Kabita Sharma
Potentiometry

Potentiometry is an electrochemical method that measures the electrical potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution to be analyzed. The necessary equipment for potentiometry consists of a potential measurement … Read more

Electrophoresis: Types, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages

August 17, 2023August 6, 2023 by Kabita Sharma
Electrophoresis

Electrophoresis is a method of separating molecules on the basis of their ability to move in an electric field. Electrophoresis has become the most extensively used method for analyzing biomolecules … Read more

Flash Chromatography: Principle, Instrumentation, Advantages, Disadvantages

August 17, 2023August 1, 2023 by Kabita Sharma
Flash Chromatography

Flash chromatography is a purification technique specifically developed for rapid separation. Unlike slow and inefficient gravity-fed chromatography, flash chromatography utilizes air pressure to achieve faster and more efficient separation. The … Read more

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