Online Chemistry Notes for Students
Anupama Sapkota 
Ideal Gas Definition An ideal gas is a theoretical gas that obeys the ideal gas law as the gas particles are not subject to interparticle interactions. The gas particles in an ideal gas are considered ideal particles as their interactions are perfectly elastic. The particles do not have definite volume and mass as the size … Read more
Homogenous Mixture Definition A homogenous mixture is the type of mixture in which the composition of the solute is uniform throughout the mixture. The homogenous mixture can be defined by the fact that the division of the mixture into two equal halves results in the distribution of the same amount of solute suspended in both … Read more
Hard Water Definition Hard water is the water with a high mineral content which is formed by the percolation of water through deposits of mineral rocks like limestone. Hard water contains chemical ions like bicarbonates, carbonates, and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Some hard water might also contain iron oxides or iron carbonates resulting in … Read more
Ester Definition An ester is a group of organic compounds that are derived from organic acids where at least one –OH group is replaced by an -O- group. The functional group in ester is the ester group (COOR) which is usually formed as a result of a substitution reaction between carboxylic acids and organic alcohols. … Read more
Fats Definition Fat is a type of nutrient composed of the ester of fatty acids and their mixtures which occur in living beings and are taken up through different food sources. Fats are a category of lipids and are also the most abundant of all lipids found in nature. These occupy about 90% of the … Read more
Ethanol Definition Ethanol or ethyl alcohol is the primary alcohol that is formed by the substitution of a hydrogen atom in the alkane, ethane by a hydroxyl group. It is an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the molecular formula C2H5OH. The formula can be written as CH3-CH2-OH. It is a highly … Read more
Enzymes Definition Enzymes are biological molecules that act as biological catalysts and accelerate the rate of chemical reactions in living systems. Enzymes are proteins that act on molecules, known as substrates, in order to produce different molecules called products. Most metabolic processes in biological systems require enzymes so that the processes can occur at rates … Read more
Elements Definition Elements are pure substances that consist of a single type of atoms and cannot be broken down into smaller units by chemical means. Elements are basic chemical species that combine with other elements to form complex species like compounds and molecules. Elements are defined by the number of protons in the nucleus, which … Read more
Glucose Definition Figure: Glucose Structure. Glucose is a simple form of sugar that is the primary source of energy in the living systems. Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide on earth, which occurs and is utilized by different organisms throughout the world. The primary sources of glucose on earth are green plants and algae through … Read more
Deoxyribose Sugar Definition Deoxyribose is a five-carbon monosaccharide which is the sugar that forms the phosphate backbone of DNA molecules. As the name suggests, deoxyribose is formed by the loss of an oxygen atom from ribose sugar. The molecular formula of deoxyribose sugar is H-(C=O)-(CH2)-(CHOH)3-H, and it might exist in several isomeric forms. The hydroxyl … Read more